Trouble:
In the past we had received so many problems from the readers who have a problem in copying files on their USB portable devices like pen drives, memory card and iPod etc.
Cannot copy files and folders, drive is write protected
Cannot format the drive, drive is write protected
The disk is write protected
Remove write protection or use another disk
Media is write protected
Some times people say that suddenly their drive become write protected and they are not able to delete any files and folder on the drive and also not able to copy new files and folder to USB portable drive.
Let’s see how can you remove write protection on your portable devices like pen drives, memory cards, iPod and other USB mass storage devices.
Fix:
Write Protection on any portable USB Device can be applied by the physical lock provided on the card adjuster or some times provided on the pen drives, so make sure to make your drive not write protected by moving the lock in right direction.
But even after moving the physical lock for write protection the problem can happen due to some virus action. This happens when some virus or script which applies the registry hack to make any drive write protect when connected to the computer, In that case follow the procedure below to remove write protection from your pen drive.
1. Open Start Menu >> Run, type regedit and press Enter, this will open the registry editor.
2. Navigate to the following path:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\StorageDevicePolicies
Note: If the registry key StorageDevicePolicies key does not exist, you will need to create it
Download this batch file called add.bat from here, and double click after download the key will be automatically added to registry.
If the above method does not work for you, follow the below steps:
1. Copy all the important data from this drive to your computer because this method will format the drive and erase all the data on the pen drive.
2. Now download the Aditya Apacer Formatting Utility, Unzip this utility to a folder on your hard disk, preferably on a folder on desktop screen for easy access (Do Not Try To Save it on pen drive). Keep your pen drive plugged in, and double click on the Start.bat file in the folder where you unzipped the above utility. This will start formatting your pen drive, wait till the formatting completes and the LED on your pen drive stops blinking. Remove your pen drive after than and plug it in again.
The above two steps will solve the problem. If you still face the problem, follow the below steps:
1. Goto Start > Run, type cmd and press enter, this will open command prompt.
2. Type the following command on the command prompt replacing X with the drive letter of your pen drive.
CHKDSK X: /F
The above two methods will help you fix the problem.
Computer Network Topology
Computer network topologies can be categorized in the following categories.
• bus
• star
• ring
• mesh
• Tree.
Bus Topology
Bus topology uses a common backbone to connect all the network devices in a network in a linear shape. A single cable functions as the shared communication medium for all the devices attached with this cable with an interface connector. The device, which wants to communicate send the broadcast message to all the devices attached with the shared cable but only the intended recipient actually accepts and process that message.
Ethernet bus topologies are easy to install and don’t require much cabling and only a main shared cable is used for network communication. 10Base-2 and 10BaseT are two popular types of the Ethernet cables used in the Bus topology. Also, Bus network works with very limited devices. Performance issues are likely to occur in the Bus topology if more than 12-15 computers are added in a Bus Network. Additionally, if the Backbone cable fails then all network becomes useless and no communication fails among all the computers. Unlike in the Star topology in which if one computer is detached from a network then there is not effect on the other computers in a network.
Ring Topology
In ring Network, every computer or devices has two adjacent neighbors for communication. In a ring network, all the communication messages travel in the same directory whether clockwise or anti clockwise. Any damage of the cable of any cable or device can result in the breakdown of the whole network. Ring topology now has become almost obsolete.
FDDI, SONET or Token Ring Technology can be used to implement Ring Technology. Ring topologies can be found in office, school or small buildings.
Star Topology
In the computer networking world the most commonly used topology in LAN is the star topology. Star topologies can be implemented in home, offices or even in a building. All the computers in the star topologies are connected to central devices like hub, switch or router. The functionality of all these devices is different. I have covered the detail of each networking devices in the separate portion of my website. Computers in a network are usually connected with the hub, switch or router with the Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair Cables.
As compared to the bus topology, a star network requires more devices & cables to complete anetwork. The failure of each node or cable in a star network, won’t take down the entire network
as compared to the Bus topology.
However if the central connecting devices such as hub, switch or router fails due to any reason,then ultimately all the network can come down or collapse.
Tree Topology
Tree topologies are comprised of the multiple star topologies on a bus. Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus. Only the hub devices can connect directly with the tree bus and each Hub functions as a root of a tree of the network devices. This bus/star/hybrid combination supports future expandability of the computer networks, much better than a bus or star.
Mesh Topology
Mesh topology work on the concept of routes. In Mesh topology, message sent to the destination can take any possible shortest, easiest route to reach its destination. In the previous topologies star and bus, messages are usually broadcasted to every computer, especially in bus topology. Similarly in the Ring topology message can travel in only one direction i.e clockwise or anticlockwise. Internet employs the Mesh topology and the message finds its route for its destination. Router works in find the routes for the messages and in reaching them to their destinations.The topology in which every devices connects to every other device is called a full Mesh topology unlike in the partial mesh in which every device is indirectly connected to the other devices.
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Windows Run Commands
Wanted to Browse fast in windows. Remember these commands.
This will really save a lot of time of your. There are many
Commands which you might have never seen or never knew.
There are certain properties of windows which you hardly know
Exist in windows. Here is a list of 112 run commands.
Windows Run Commands
Accessibility Controls---- --- access.cpl
Add Hardware Wizard------ - hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs---- --- appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools------- control admintools
Automatic Updates----- -- wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard------ - fsquirt
Calculator-- ----- calc
Certificate Manager certmgr.msc
Character Map charmap
Check Disk Utility----- -- chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer------ - clipbrd
Command Prompt------ - cmd
Component Services---- --- dcomcnfg
Computer Management-- ----- compmgmt.msc
Timedate.cpl- ------ ddeshare
Device Manager----- -- devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)*- ------ directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter- ------ dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility----- -- cleanmgr
Disk Defragment-- ----- dfrg.msc
Disk Management-- ----- diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager----- -- diskpart
Display Properties-- ----- control desktop
Display Properties-- ----- desk.cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected) ------- control color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility----- -- drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility----- -- verifier
Event Viewer------ - eventvwr.msc
File Signature Verification Tool------- sigverif
Findfast---- --- findfast.cpl
Folders Properties-- ----- control folders
Fonts------- control fonts
Fonts Folder------ - fonts
Free Cell Card Game------- freecell
Game Controllers- ------ joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)------- gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Game------- mshearts
Iexpress Wizard------ - iexpress
Indexing Service----- -- ciadv.msc
Internet Properties-- ----- inetcpl.cpl
IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) ------- ipconfig /all
IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)--- ---- ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)--- ---- ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Release All Connections) ------- ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections) ------- ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re-Registers DNS)------- ipconfig /registerdns
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)------- ipconfig /showclassid
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)------- ipconfig /setclassid
Java Control Panel (If Installed) jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (If Installed)-- ----- javaws
Keyboard Properties-- ----- control keyboard
Local Security Settings---- --- secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups------ - lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows----- -- logoff
Microsoft Chat------- winchat
Minesweeper Game------- winmine
Mouse Properties-- ----- control mouse
Mouse Properties-- ----- main.cpl
Network Connections- ------ control netconnections
Network Connections- ------ ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard------ - netsetup.cpl
Notepad----- -- notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed)-- ----- nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager---- --- packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator- ------ odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard---- --- osk
Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed)-- ----- ac3filter.cpl
Password Properties-- ----- password.cpl
Performance Monitor----- - perfmon.msc
Performance Monitor----- -- perfmon
Phone and Modem Options----- -- telephon.cpl
Power Configuration- ------ powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes------- control printers
Printers Folder------ - printers
Private Character Editor------ - eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed)-- ----- QuickTime.cpl
Regional Settings---- --- intl.cpl
Registry Editor------ - regedit
Registry Editor------ - regedit32
Remote Desktop----- -- mstsc
Removable Storage----- -- ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests---- --- ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof)------- rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras----- -- sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks------- control schedtasks
Security Center------ - wscui.cpl
Services---- --- services.msc
Shared Folders----- -- fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows----- -- shutdown
Sounds and Audio------- mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game------- spider
SQL Client Configuration- ------ cliconfg
System Configuration Editor------ - sysedit
System Configuration Utility----- -- msconfig
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately) ------- sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot)------- sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot)------- sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting)---- --- sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)------ - sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)------- sfc /cachesize=x
System Properties-- ----- sysdm.cpl
Task Manager----- -- taskmgr
Telnet Client------ - telnet
User Account Management-- ----- nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager----- -- utilman
Windows Firewall---- --- firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier--- ---- magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure- ------ wmimgmt.msc
Accessibility Controls --------- access.cpl
Accessibility Wizard --------- accwiz
Add Hardware Wizard --------- hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs --------- appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools --------- control admintools
Adobe Acrobat (if installed) --------- acrobat
Adobe Designer (if installed) --------- acrodist
Adobe Distiller (if installed) --------- acrodist
Adobe ImageReady (if installed) --------- imageready
Adobe Photoshop (if installed) --------- Photoshop
Automatic Updates --------- wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard --------- fsquirt
Calculator --------- calc
Certificate Manager --------- certmgr.msc
Character Map --------- Charmap
Check Disk Utility --------- chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer --------- clipbrd
Command Prompt --------- cmd
Component Services --------- dcomcnfg
Computer Management --------- compmgmt.msc
Control Panel --------- control
Date and Time Properties --------- timedate.cpl
DDE Shares --------- ddeshare
Device Manager --------- devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)* --------- directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter --------- dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility --------- cleanmgr
Disk Defragment ------- dfrg.msc
Disk Management -------- diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager --------- diskpart
Display Properties ----------- control desktop
Display Properties ----------Desk. cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected) --------- control color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility ------------ drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility ------------ verifier
Minesweeper Game -------- winmine
Mouse Properties --------- control mouse
Mouse Properties ---------- main.cpl
Nero (if installed) --------- nero
Netmeeting ------------ - conf
Network Connections ---------- control netconnections
Network Connections --------- ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard ---------- netsetup.cpl
Notepad --------- notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed) ------- nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager ---------- packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator ------ odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard --------- osk
Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) --------- ac3filter.cpl
Outlook Express ------------ - msimn
Paint ------------ pbrush
Password Properties -------- password.cpl
Performance Monitor ------- perfmon.msc
Performance Monitor --------- perfmon
Phone and Modem Options ------- telephon.cpl
Phone Dialer --------- dialer
Pinball Game ------------ --- pinball
Power Configuration --------- powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes ------- control printers
Printers Folder --------- printers
Private Character Editor --------- eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed) --------- QuickTime.cpl
Quicktime Player (if installed) ------------ - quicktimeplayer
Real Player (if installed) ------------ - realplay
Regional Settings ----------- intl.cpl
Registry Editor --------- regedit
Registry Editor -------- regedit32
Remote Access Phonebook -------- rasphone
Remote Desktop --------- mstsc
Removable Storage --------- ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests --------- ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) ---------- rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras ------------ sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks ----------- control schedtasks
Security Center ----------- wscui.cpl
Services ------------ -- services.msc
Shared Folders ----------- fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows ------- shutdown
Sounds and Audio ------------ mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game -------- spider
SQL Client Configuration --------- cliconfg
System Configuration Editor --------- sysedit
System Configuration Utility --------- msconfig
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately) ---------- sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot) ---------- sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) ------------ -- sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting) ----------- sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache) ------------ sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x) ------------ sfc /cachesize=x
System Information ----------- msinfo32
System Properties --------- sysdm.cpl
Task Manager ------------ taskmgr
TCP Tester ------------ tcptest
Telnet Client --------- telnet
Tweak UI (if installed) ------------ tweakui
User Account Management ------------ nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager --------- utilman
Windows Address Book --------- wab
Windows Address Book Import Utility ----------- wabmig
Windows Backup Utility (if installed) ------------ ntbackup
Windows Explorer ------------ - explorer
Windows Firewall ---------- firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier ------------ - magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure ----------- wmimgmt.msc
Windows Media Player ----------- wmplayer
Windows Messenger ------------ msmsgs
Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected) --------- wiaacmgr
Windows System Security Tool ------- syskey
Windows Update Launches ------------ -- wupdmgr
Windows Version (to show which version of windows) --------- winver
Windows XP Tour Wizard ------------ - tourstart
Event Viewer ----------- eventvwr.msc
Files and Settings Transfer Tool ---------- migwiz
File Signature Verification Tool -------- sigverif
Findfast ---------- findfast.cpl
Firefox (if installed) -------- firefox
Folders Properties ---------- control folders
Fonts ---------- control fonts
Fonts Folder ------------ fonts
Free Cell Card Game ------- freecell
Game Controllers --------- joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof) --------- gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Game ----------- mshearts
Help and Support ------- helpctr
HyperTerminal ----------- hypertrm
Iexpress Wizard ---------- iexpress
Indexing Service ---------- ciadv.msc
Internet Connection Wizard -------- icwconn1
Internet Explorer ---------- iexplore
Internet Properties --------- inetcpl.cpl
Internet Setup Wizard ------- inetwiz
Java Control Panel (If Installed) --------- jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (If Installed) --------- javaws
Keyboard Properties ----------- control keyboard
Local Security Settings --------- secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups ------------ - lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows ---------- logoff
Malicious Software Removal Tool ----------- mrt
Microsoft Access (if installed) ------------ - access.cpl
Microsoft Chat ------------ - winchat
Microsoft Excel (if installed) ----------- excel
Microsoft Frontpage (if installed) ----------- frontpg
Microsoft Movie Maker ----------- moviemk
Microsoft Paint ------------ mspaint
Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed) --------- powerpnt
Microsoft Word (if installed) ---------- winword
Microsoft Syncronization Tool ---------- mobsync
